The era of TPS's global transmission and lean codification. The MIT IMVP study (1985) leads to the-machine-that-changed-the-world (1990), which names TPS "lean production" and launches the global lean movement. james-womack and daniel-jones publish lean-thinking (1996), distilling TPS into five principles. jeffrey-liker publishes the-toyota-way (2004), emphasizing the management philosophy. fujio-cho proves TPS works outside Japan at Toyota's Georgetown plant. The lean movement extends beyond manufacturing: into software (Mary and Tom Poppendieck), startups (Eric Ries), healthcare, and government. Toyota remains the reference implementation, though the gap between TPS-as-practiced-at-Toyota and "lean" as understood by Western consultants is a recurring concern. Key academic contributions include the Sugimori et al. 1977 paper (first English-language academic description of TPS) and Spear and Bowen's "Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System" (HBR 1999), which identified the four implicit rules governing TPS. Both taiichi-ohno and shigeo-shingo die in 1990, the year The Machine That Changed the World is published.