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Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce
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Date: Wed, 8 May 1996 10:35:12 -0400 From: Tom.McKegney@ARRAYdev.com (Tom McKegney) Subject: INTERNET JOURNAL
[...]
You may be interested in our Internet Journal of Banking and Commerce. A condensed version (I have copied the latest below) is distributed by email and full texts are accessible at http://www.arraydev.com
Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce Vol 1, No 3, April 1996
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. Editorial by Gordon Jenkins
2. JIBC Announcement
3. Administrative Notice
4. Letters to the Editor
5. Articles & Columns
i. The Economics of Digital Documents (by Mauro Cipparone), full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-1.htm
ii. A Brief Comparison of Email Encryption Protocols (by Raph Levien) full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603.2.htm
iii. The Legal Report (by Richard L. Field), full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-4.htm
iv. Why the GTPNet is Now the Largest Trading Network on Earth (by Carlos Moreira), full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-5.htm
v. Open Systems, Closed Systems, and Killer Apps (by Duncan Frissell, Contributing Editor Bob Hettinga), full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-6.htm
vi. Column Three: Over the Water -- The View from the UK (by David G.W. Birch), full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-7.htm
vii. Australian Business Online (Contributing Editor Jo-anne Fisher) full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-8.htm
viii. Letters and Comments (selected), full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-3.htm
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EDITORIAL
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This is the third edition of the Journal of Internet Banking Commerce and we now have close to 600 people in 30 different countries subscribing. We have also been chosen by FinanceNet, the premier site of the US Government as the first and only link to a Web Page outside of the United States, thanks to B. Preston Rich, Executive Director, FinanceNet(http://www.financenet.gov/). It is interesting in the short time that we have been publishing to notice the trend in Electronic Commerce as submitted by our authors and by the Letters to the Editor.
The Security and Legal aspects continue to be of the foremost concern. We have three articles on these, two on security and one on legal.
In the his article, Raph Levien brings us up to speed on the security fundamentals for the Internet and Bob Hettinga in his column takes us to the next step and draws our attention to further complexities in the Internet Security.
Rich Field has an excellent article on the legal issue, or is it privacy brought up by the changes to legislation or the law recently on the Internet.
The other trends are, first, the emergence of smart cards for payment and, second, the Internet. One wag suggested (on the phone, mind you!) we should call our Journal the "Internet Commerce Journal".
In the next edition, number 4 in June, we will concentrate on payments over the Internet. I will endeavor to get some interesting articles, if possible, from Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, which is making payments already using EDI payments over the Internet with Bank of America - a very interesting pilot. If anyone knows of any initiatives in this area, please submit them - if you are sending a reprint, we will get the author's permission to publish.
Where smart cards and the Internet fit together is uncertain at this time. The convergence of E-Mail, E-forms and EDI is evident. EDI and the Internet is much clearer, as most of you know, Rick Drummond of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has put together an excellent Request For Comment (RFC) which will be issued shortly. This will help legitimize payments on the Internet, particularly using EDI.
If you have some comments on the articles or even on the Editorial, please write me at jenkins@fox.nstn.ca, attention Editor JIBC, and I will be glad to publish them with a suitable response. Pass the JIBC along to your friends- we reached 600 people strictly through "word of mouth."
Hope you find edition number 3 interesting. Remember, we need your input. Enjoy!
Gordon Jenkins, Editor
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JIBC ANNOUNCEMENT
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Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce
The goal of this publication is to inform executives, professionals, entrepreneurs, government personnel and other key players on principal developments and trends in the rapidly evolving electronic commerce area all over the World. This free online Journal is a way to keep in touch, to share information, and to establish business contacts in the area of electronic commerce and banking on the Internet.
The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce (JIBC) is primarily devoted to important announcements, refereed original articles, guest columns, significant feature presentations from other publications, as well as survey, reviews, and letters to the editor. We will try to keep away from technical discussions and leave them to other specialized lists.
Our Journal will be issued every two months and will definitely focus on quality, not quantity. We will be editing, filtering and summarizing, to provide our busy readers with only substantial information. We will do this by selecting key items to include into the email portion of the Journal. Larger articles and columns, as well as background information, will be placed on our Web site (http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/JIBC/) with the appropriate notification in the email part.
Join our Journal and learn about the trends in electronic commerce. We promise not to get too "techie." Not too many fights but lots of good discussion. We need your articles, your email, your contributions and discussion. Your feedback on articles should be the Editor, Gordon Jenkins. Direct general comments about the publication to the Publisher, Nahum Goldmann. You can email us directly or use the Questionnaire that we keep on the JIBC Web site.
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SPONSORS/ADVERTISERS WELCOME
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The support of commercial sponsors and advertisers is also important. Please mention JIBC to any firm or organization you think would be interested in reaching the high level readership JIBC is attracting. For information about advertising types and rates, email to communications@ARRAYdev.com. Information is also available on the JIBC Web site at http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/ JIBC/private/index.htm
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REFERED ARTICLES AND COLUMNS
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The Economics of Digital Documents Full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-1.htm
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Mauro Cipparone MC5105@mclink.it http://www.geocities.com/WallStreet/2486
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Mauro Cipparone has recently graduated summa cum laude at LUISS University, Rome, with a thesis on the economic consequences of Internet payment systems. He collaborates with the computing center of LUISS University, Rome, and with the association "Liber Liber," occasionally giving lectures on Internet payment systems.
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Until recently, the only way electronic transactions could take place was through double entry bookkeeping. This necessarily requires a centralized structure to settle the transactions. On the other hand, digital certificates allow a return to the simple transaction model of the past, that is to say delivery vs. payment, but using the speed and efficiency of computer networks.
If the "uniqueness" problem will be solved, a stock exchange could then be a very simple institution, not significantly different from an Internet mailing list. Offers would be posted and retransmitted to all investors. Some mechanism would allow the match of compatible offers. Then, the seller and the buyer would simply send to each other the digital bond or share, and receive the digital payment. No intermediary would necessarily be involved, the transaction would be cheaper and systemic risk would be substantially eliminated. Eventually, the exchange of shares and payment could be made simultaneous by using a server trusted by both parties, who would release the shares only when the payment was sent to the server (who would then forward it to the seller).
Furthermore, digital bonds and stock could be managed much more cost-efficiently than paper ones. For instance, governments could issue bonds in the form of encrypted coins. At maturity, the government would simply release the key to unlock the coins, a very cheap alternative to the expensive infrastructure needed to manage bonds.
The consequence of digitalization is ultimately a strong spur towards decentralization and disintermediation. If it takes off, the institutions which supervise and control the financial world will find it harder and harder to fulfill their duties. Even capital movements could become much harder to prevent or even detect. If wealth can be kept in the form of digital certificates stored on a hard disk, then it can be transferred with only a modem and phone.
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A Brief Comparison of Email Encryption Protocols Full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603.2.htm
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Raph Levien raph@c2.org http://www.c2.org/~raph/
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Raph Levien is a graduate student in Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also author of premail, a Unix-based email encryption utility supporting the PGP/MIME, MOSS, and S/MIME protocols.
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This document briefly reviews and compares five major email encryption protocols under consideration: MOSS, MSP, PGP, PGP/MIME, and S/MIME. Each is capable of adequate security, but also suffers from the lack of good implementation, in the context of transparent email encryption.
I will try to address issues of underlying cryptographic soundness, ease of integration with email, implementation issues, support for multimedia and Web datatypes, and backwards compatibility.
An additional grave concern is key management. Contrary to some beliefs, key management is not a solved problem. All of the proposals contain some mechanism for key management, but none of them have been demonstrated to be scalable to an Internet-wide email system. My belief is that the problems with key management do not stem from the classic Web of trust/certification hierarchy split, but the nonexistence of a distributed database (with nice interfaces) for holding keys. The encryption protocols also stand in the way of such a database, with key formats that are either overly complex, inadequate, or both.
All of the proposals described here can be used for secure email. None of them will be widely deployed in this capacity unless they are implemented well. I have concerns that both MOSS and S/MIME are susceptible to political pressure which will restrict key sizes insecurely in practice. I would like to see consensus develop around one of the proposals, so that energies used for implementation can be more focused and effective. It is my hope that the Internet Mail Consortium http://www.imc.org/security-workshop.html (Security Workshop) will move in that direction.
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The Legal Report Full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-4.htm
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by Richard L. Field Contributing Editor, JIBC Legal field@pipeline.com Contributing Editor, JIBC Legal field@pipeline.com
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Richard Field is an attorney and legal consultant in Cliffside Park, New Jersey, U.S.A. He chairs the Electronic Commerce Payment Committee of the American Bar Association, and is a drafter of the forthcoming Digital Signature Guidelines of the ABA Information Security Committee.
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On March 5, 1996, Senator Patrick Leahy (Vermont) introduced S. 1587, the Encrypted Communications Privacy Act of 1996, in the U.S. Senate. Leahy said his legislation was intended to protect government, business and home computer users from outside snooping into sensitive information. He said the new law was written to encourage the use of encryption and loosen export restrictions on encryption technology. Senator Leahy's press release page is at: http://www.senate.gov/~leahy/p960305.html
Reaction to the bill within the U.S. cryptography community has been mixed. Some have applauded Senator Leahy's stand on loosening cryptographic export restrictions. At the same time, a provision criminalizing the use of cryptography, when used in the commission of a separate crime, has caused concern. As of this writing, the future of the bill is uncertain.
Professor Dorothy Denning, a recognized expert in the field, submitted her own views to Senator Leahy by means of a letter responding to the bill. I thought it would be useful to reprint her position on this important issue, which I do with permission.
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Why the GTPNet is Now the Largest Trading Network on Earth Full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-5.htm
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Carlos Moreira Head United Nations Conference for Trade and Development UNCTAD Trade Point Development Centre UNTPDC email: cmoreira@eto.geis.com http://www.unicc.org/untpdc/welcome.html
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The Global Trade Point Network relies on the most advanced available technologies for networking and multimedia communication. As the number of connected Trade Points increases, the Global Trade Point Network is rapidly emerging as one of the main worldwide networks for trade-related information flows.
One of the instrumental factors in the successful initial development of GTPNet has been the Trade Point Development Center (TPDC) created by UNCTAD in Bangkok (Thailand) in cooperation with the Asia Institute of Technology. Established in the context of the decentralization strategy adopted by UNCTAD Special Program on Trade Efficiency, the UNCTAD-TPDC has been responsible for the development of innovative tools and interfaces used by GTPNet, including the Electronic Trading Opportunities (ETOs) System, the setting up of the GTPNet World Wide Web site on the Internet, and its corresponding Trade Point Internet Incubator.
These accomplishments provide useful examples of how the technologies promoted by SPTE can find a practical application, since the Bangkok center was able to perform all these important functions while the GTPNet server remained physically established in Geneva (hosted by the United Nations International Computing Center, UNICC.
With several million companies around the world receiving ETOs each month and over 4.3 million hits registered at the GTPNet WWW servers, it seems clear that the GTPNet is already having a considerable impact upon businesses. However, due to the resource constraints of the Trade Point Program, it has not been possible to carry out a systematic evaluation, which would ideally involve evaluation teams being sent to Trade Points. Simply contacting Trade Points for information on, for example, trade transactions which have taken place as a result of ETOs or product catalogues on the GTPNet WWW server, does not suffice. This is especially so because Trade Points themselves rarely have the time and resources to do extensive follow-up of clients. At best the Program has some anecdotal evidence. For example, when Trade Point Armenia sent out an ETO looking for exporters of butter, eight responses were received from around the world. The Director of the Santa FE, Argentina Trade Point recently sent an e-mail with the news that as a result of ETOs, two provincial companies are now exporting to New York and that she herself as going to New York to seal the deal.
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Open Systems, Closed Systems, and Killer Apps Full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-6.htm
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Duncan Frissell (Contributing Editor Bob Hettinga) frissell@panix.com
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Duncan Frissell is a lawyer and writer in New York, and one of the first members of the cypherpunk list, where this article first appeared.
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Submitted by our Contributing Editor Bob Hettinga as his choice of best article of month found on Internet.
rah@shipwright.com 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA (617) 958-3971
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EXCERPTS FROM ARTICLE
Open systems whether MarketEarth or TCP/IP let you trade/communicate at will with anyone else. This leads to more trade/communication which leads to more wealth (or non-monetary satisfaction). Since people are able to do more things that they want to do (unblocked by hierarchies) it is only natural that they are more satisfied with the results (and there are more results to be satisfied with). After all, a hierarchical system can only produce outcomes directed by the hierarchy (in the best case). But the top of the hierarchy is much smaller than the bottom of the hierarchy so it can only think of, deal with, and authorize a small number of activities. So the system can only do a few things. ...
Choice exists and choices will be made. Hierarchies will try and resist the spread of open systems but they will not be successful and their failures will come faster and be much more obvious as time goes on. If one organization resists "successfully," people and money will drain away from it to other organizations where they are allowed a fuller range of choice. The success of open systems will help the spread of those systems into the surviving bastions of hierarchy. ...
People today are offered a choice between two ways of doing things: 1) You get to do what you want and (by the way) have a vast wealth of "things" to own/use. Or 2) You have to do what other people tell you and (unfortunately) make do with less of everything including choice, money, and "toys."
I wonder what choice people will make?
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Over the Water -- The View from the UK Full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-7.htm -------------------------------------------------------------
David G.W. Birch 8 Frederick Sanger Road Director, Hyperion Surrey Research Park Guildford daveb@hyperion.co.uk Surrey GU2 5YD, UK
Where people, networks and money intersect.......Consult Hyperion http://www.hyperion.co.uk info@hyperion.co.uk
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Column Three: What Will Retail Banks Do?
The Centre for the Study of Financial Innovation (CSFI) is a London "think tank" funded by a variety of City institutions -- retail and merchant banks, building societies, insurers. I have the privilege of having been invited to Chair the CSFI working group on The Internet and Retail Banking with Paul Taylor of the Financial Times as Vice Chair....
One very interesting question concerns the nature of retail banking as a business. The essential notion is this: if the margins on switching money become paper thin (because the Internet can switch electronic cash far cheaper than traditional banking networks can switch electronic funds) then what alternative businesses can banks look at in a Net context?
An answer to this question may be emerging from the apparently esoteric subject of public key cryptography (PKC). The widespread use of PKC for business depends to some extent on having a legal infrastructure. Last year, the State of Utah passed a "digital signature law" which sets out such a framework for the use of PKC-based digital signatures and the associated framework for public key certificates. This landmark legislation can be seen as a template for the essential legal infrastructure for an online economy.
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(In a system such as the one in Utah) Retails banks could have a substantial role as both Certification Authorities, primarily for their own customers, and as Certification Registries for certificates from many sources. Banks have lots of experience in online access to large databases, which is the expertise needed to run a CR business, and they have lots of customers that they know a lot about, which is needed to run a CA business. Signers and Relyers would both be happy to use bank-issued certificates.
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Australian Business Online Full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-8.htm
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Contributing Editor Jo-anne Fisher Joanne.Fisher@BusEco.monash.edu.au http://www-mugc.cc.monash.edu.au/cec/index.html
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Jo-anne Fisher is the Executive Director of the Centre for Electronic Commerce, Monash University School of Business and Electronic Commerce, Churchill, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA PH: +61 3 9902 6508 FAX: +61 3 9902 6507
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Enthusiasm in Australia for electronic payments and delivery systems such as EFTPOS (in which Australia leads the world) is fueling industry thoughts about a cashless generation using chip-card technology. Australia is currently the test bed for the increasingly "cashless" society as four separate stored value smart card scheme trials have been initiated by Australian and international financial institutions, in strategic geographic and demographic areas of the country. These scheme operators include MasterCard, Visa, Quicklink and Transcard. It is also believed that Mondex will introduce their scheme in pilot form within the year.
The smart card of the future is envisaged as going well beyond today's functions of providing access to funds and payment facilities - it may become a true relationship card, a single financial management tool which bonds consumer and bank in a broad relationship.
This article, On, On to the Cashless Economy by Sandy Plunkett, is reproduced from Business Review Weekly March 25 1996. It examines some of the smart card trials underway and their impact within the context of other emerging electronic payment mechanisms.
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Selected Letters and Comments Full text on http://www.ARRAYdev.com/commerce/JIBC/9603-3.htm
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More on EDI?
I read with great interest the paper "EDI--A Global Presence" (Vol 1, No 2). I am a German MBA student at the University of Rhode Island and am very interested in all aspects of EDI. In particular, I'd like to know if there is any statistic describing the distribution of EDI among different sizes of organizations.
In other words, what percentage of large, medium, and small companies are using EDI (in the U.S. or internationally)? It would also be interesting to identify the types of businesses that are using EDI (e.g. manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer, government organization, etc.). If you have information on that or if you could point me in the right direction, I would greatly appreciate it.
Martin Laub, University of Rhode Island mlau8335@uriacc.uri.edu
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Re: EDI and Regulations
Our company is currently reviewing its procedures for establishing trading partners. In establishing trading partners and maintaining the relationship there are certain regulations that govern electronic commerce and trading partner relationships. In the United States, UCC4A and IRS Revenue Procedure 91-59 represent a few of these requirements. However, knowing the legal profession, there are probably other rules that define liability and responsibility in completing electronic transactions.
Our goal is to identify core responsibilities in electronic commerce as far as law and precedent is concerned, assess the risk, and either develop procedures or systems to meet the requirements of regulation or note the exception where it is not feasible to address the risk.
Thanks for your help.
Hank Israel EDI Specialist Ceridian Employer Services Atlanta, GA 30328 email: HENRY.M.ISRAEL@cdev.com
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We thought you might be interested in the following question to our Contributing Editor Richard Field. Re: Legal Report: ABA Makes Cybernotary Their Exclusive Turf
I thought the journalist in you might be interested in what the lead on your "cybernotary" story might be from the perspective of a cyber specialist (or for that matter, a banker). And of course, the irony is that this story element is (surprise) completely missing.
Makes you think.
Daniel Sabsay, Cybernetic Moments
And here is the response from our Contributing Editor
The ABA Information Security committee was sensitive to this issue, particularly since there were a number of non-lawyer cyber specialists represented on the committee. In the end, it was decided to make the Cybernotary an attorney specialty for the following reasons: (i) the job function of a Cybernotary, as we defined it, includes issuing a form of legal opinion about the validity and enforceability of a legal document transmitted internationally in electronic form; (ii) we agreed that this function was necessary in order to create an entity whose certification on a legal document would be readily acceptable to the rest of the world's notaries and court systems, which has been a problem up to now; (iii) this function when performed by lawyers is already permitted by existing U.S. law and recognized and accepted internationally, but non-lawyers are prohibited from issuing these types of opinions; and (iv) since this was an ABA committee, it made sense to focus on this single high-end need, and to let other specialties and cyber functions develop through other means. And we wanted to develop this new specialty without adversely affecting the existing U.S. notary profession.
The committee recognized that other aspects of electronic commerce would not require this legal dimension, and made sure that its legal framework could accommodate a wide spectrum of roles. In its Digital Signature Guidelines, most of the detail is devoted to the various (non-lawyer) functions of certification authorities. While some states have discussed limiting licensing of their own certification authorities to bankers, lawyers and some other professions, the Guidelines do not restrict them.
Richard L. Field field@pipeline.com Contributing Editor JIBC Legal
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Looking for clarification
The "cyberbanks" on the Web offer a variety of services. Could you refer me to any information on deposit and chequing accounts which can be opened on the net. I am unclear as to how this can be accomplished without the usual requirements for an actual signature on a deposit agreement.
BGoodman@inforamp.net
Can anyone out there help? If you forward me a copy of your replies I'll compile a response to share in the next Journal.
The Editor: Jenkins@fox.nstn.ca
======================================== JOURNAL OF INTERNET BANKING AND COMMERCE
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Publisher Nahum Goldmann ARRAY Development Ottawa, Canada Nahum.Goldmann@ARRAYdev.com http://www.ARRAYdev.com
Editor Gordon Jenkins. JENKINS AND ASSOCIATES INC. Jenkins@fox.nstn.ca http://www.infop.com/karoma
Managing Editor Tom McKegney ARRAY Development Tom.McKegney@ARRAYdev.com http://www.ARRAYdev.com
Contributing Editor JIBC Legal Richard L. Field field@pipeline.com
Contributing Editor Robert Hettinga rah@shipwright.com
Postmaster/Webmaster Junhan Zhang ARRAY Development Junhan.Zhang@ARRAYdev.com
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ADMINISTRATIVE NOTICE
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This Journal is maintained and published courtesy of ARRAY Development of Ottawa, Canada (http://www.ARRAYdev.com/). The Publisher, Nahum Goldmann can be reached at: Nahum.Goldmann@ARRAYdev.com.
Or you can reach the editor and moderator, Gord Jenkins of JENKINS AND ASSOCIATES INC with any questions, comments or insights at: Jenkins@fox.nstn.ca http://www.infop.com/karoma, Tel. 613-723-1581, FAX 613-723-8938.
Please note that the mailing address for subscribe/unsubscribe is JIBC-request@ARRAYdev.com **
World Wide Web information about this mailing list, as well as
Web-published full-text articles and background materials is
available via:
http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/JIBC/.
Please send any questions on its maintenance to the list owner :
This message is sent monthly to the JIBC list. If mail sent to you cannot be delivered successfully, your email address will be ruthlessly removed from the mailing list to prevent bounces for senders. If you believe you have been dropped, you can check your subscription status by sending mail to: majordomo@ARRAYdev.com Write in the body of message (NOT Subject:) JIBC Your_email_address This command will confirm whether you are on the current list of subscribers.
To subscribe: Send email to JIBC-request@ARRAYdev.com Body of message (NOT Subject:) subscribe To unsubscribe: Send mail to JIBC-request@ARRAYdev.com Body of message (NOT Subject:) unsubscribe To contribute to the mailing list: Send mail to JIBC@ARRAYdev.com
Notice the difference between the two email addresses for subscribing (JIBC-request) and posting (JIBC)!
Send other inquiries to owner JIBC-admin@ARRAYdev.com.
To get a description of all valid commands: Send mail to majordomo@ARRAYdev.com Body of message (NOT Subject:) help
As our Journal is a moderated list, there is no "digest" facility.
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COPYRIGHT
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The Journal Of Internet Banking And Commerce is Copyright (C) 1996 by ARRAY Development, Ottawa, Canada. All Rights Reserved.
Copying is permitted for noncommercial, educational use by academic computer centers, individual scholars, and libraries. This message must appear on all copied material. All commercial use requires permission.
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CIRCULATION
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JIBC Vol 1 No. 3: Total subscribers 562 in 34 countries. AR : 1;.AT : 1;.AU : 16;.BE : 1;.BM : 1;.BR : 1;.CA : 22;.CH : 1;. DE : 12;.EE : 1;.ES : 2;.FI : 3;.FR : 2;.GR : 1;.HK : 1;.HU : 1;.IL : 2;.IT : 4; .JP : 4;.KW : 1;.MX : 1;.NL : 5;.NZ : 2;.PK : 1;PL : 1;.RU : 1;.SE : 8;.SG : 6; SI : 1;.SU : 1;.TW : 2;.UK : 21;.US : 3;.ZA : 5; .COM : 328;.EDU : 30;. GOV : 11; MIL : 1;.NET : 43;ORG: 13.
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ADVERTISING
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JIBC accepts all forms of advertising suitable to the Internet/Web media. For more information please contact Communications@ARRAYdev.com.
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HELP WANTED
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We are looking for a MARKETING DIRECTOR to attract advertising and commercial sponsors. This is a unique opportunity to start on the ground floor and work your way up:
And the best news -- you don't have to be physically located in Ottawa to participate.
Remuneration will be based on results.
If you are interested, please contact the Publisher, Nahum Goldmann, at Nahum.Goldmann@ARRAYdev.com
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End of JIBC Vol. 1, no. 3, April 1996 ```
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