The fourth Poppendieck book, published a decade after lean-software-development-agile-toolkit-2003. Subtitled "Ask the Right Questions," it shifts from the TPS translation framework of the original trilogy to a broader examination of organizational mindset. Organized in five chapters — The Purpose of Business, Energized Workers, Delighted Customers, Genuine Efficiency, and Breakthrough Innovation — it argues that a lean-mindset is about developing expertise to ask the right questions rather than following prescribed practices. Features case studies from Spotify, Ericsson, Intuit, GE Healthcare, Pixar, CareerBuilder, and Intel. Critiques individual performance incentives in favor of reciprocity and respect-based approaches (citing Southwest Airlines and IDEO). Extends the learning-not-results thesis from leading-lean-software-development-2009 into a more general theory of organizational capability. Where the trilogy addressed software development specifically, this book engages with product development and innovation more broadly. Published in the Addison-Wesley Signature Series (not the Agile Series of the earlier books), reflecting its broader scope. An InfoQ author Q&A captures the Poppendiecks' thinking at the time of publication, including their recommendation of John Shook's "Managing to Learn" as a complementary text.