The Office of the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) was created by Congress in 1983 to provide independent testing of weapons systems before full-scale production. Thomas Christie, Boyd's collaborator on E-M theory, served as the first Director of Operational Test and Evaluation. The office represented an institutional embodiment of Boyd's reformist principles: independent evaluation, empirical testing, and resistance to institutional pressure to approve systems prematurely. DOT&E became a key node in the Military Reform Movement's effort to hold the Pentagon accountable for weapons system performance.